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L’ICOMOS a été fondé le 22 juin 1965 à Varsovie, un an après l’adoption de la Charte de Venise de 1964.
La Charte de Venise a établi des lignes directrices internationales pour la conservation et la restauration des bâtiments historiques. Rédigée par des professionnels de la conservation du patrimoine, la charte énonce un ensemble de principes fournissant un cadre international pour la conservation et la restauration du patrimoine culturel.
La Charte, officiellement intitulée Charte internationale de la restauration, a été adoptée en tant que première résolution du IIe Congrès international des architectes et techniciens des monuments historiques à Venise, le 31 mai 1964. Lors de ce même congrès, la deuxième résolution, proposée par l’UNESCO, appelait à la création d’un Conseil international des monuments et des sites, ouvrant ainsi la voie à la fondation de l’ICOMOS.
Avant la Charte de Venise, il n’existait pas d’association spécialisée ni d’ensemble de lignes directrices internationalement reconnues sur la conservation et la restauration du patrimoine culturel bâti, hormis les conclusions de la conférence organisée à Athènes en 1931 par l’Office international des musées.
Après les ravages de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’importance de la préservation et de la restauration du patrimoine s’est faite plus pressante. C’est ainsi que l’UNESCO a parrainé le premier congrès international des architectes et techniciens des monuments historiques, qui s’est tenu à Paris en mai 1957 et qui a recommandé que tous les pays créent des organisations pour la protection des bâtiments historiques, s’ils n’en avaient pas déjà. Le congrès s’est terminé par l’invitation de Guglielmo De Angelis d’Ossat à tenir le deuxième congrès à Venise en 1964.
L’Assemblée générale de Varsovie, qui s’est tenue le 22 juin 1965, est qualifiée d’Assemblée constitutive car elle avait pour objet la constitution de l’association de spécialistes que la deuxième résolution du Congrès de Venise de 1964 appelait de ses vœux. L’Assemblée constitutive a établi les premiers statuts de l’ICOMOS, y compris son nom, son but et ses membres, qui ont tous été adoptés par vote.
L’un des rôles importants de l’ICOMOS est sa collaboration avec l’UNESCO. L’ICOMOS a aidé l’UNESCO à rédiger la Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel. Adoptée en 1972, elle nomme l’ICOMOS en tant qu’organisation consultative. L’élément central de la Convention est la création d’une Liste du patrimoine mondial pour reconnaître le patrimoine de « valeur universelle exceptionnelle ». L’ICOMOS soutient la mise en œuvre des dispositions de la Convention relatives à la protection du patrimoine culturel, y compris l’évaluation des propositions d’inscription sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial.
Historiquement, jusqu’à la fin du 19e siècle, les questions de patrimoine architectural n’étaient envisagées qu’à l’échelle nationale.
La Première Guerre mondiale a eu pour conséquence l’émergence de ce que l’on appelle aujourd’hui l’internationalisme culturel, notamment avec la création de la Société des Nations. Dans l’entre-deux-guerres, une prise de conscience mondiale des spécialistes a conduit à la conférence d’Athènes, dont les conclusions ont constitué une première tentative d’accord sur les principes internationaux de conservation. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la Société des Nations s’est transformée en Nations Unies, accompagnée de la création de l’UNESCO, qui allait contribuer à l’établissement de l’ICOMOS.